Although the clinical symptoms of heart failure vary between individual patients, certain similarities inevitably exist. The links on this page provide standard criteria to help identify the nature of heart failure for each patient, as well as general recommendations for appropriate treatment.

Find the most up-to-date European recommendations for heart failure diagnosis and treatment in the
ESC web site.

The American Heart Association offers the current NYHA standards used to determine patients’ clinical status and their prognoses.

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